The history of Pennsylvania is traceable to the first modern indigenous peoples that occupied the area of present-day Pennsylvania. These included the Lenape, Susquehannocks, Iroquois, Erie, Shawnee, Arandiqiouia, and other American Indian tribes.
The area was first colonized by the Dutch in 1643. The English took control of the colony in 1667.[clarify] In 1681, Pennsylvania became an English colony when William Penn received a royal deed from King Charles II of England.
Penn, a Quaker, established his colony based on religious tolerance; it was settled by many Quakers along with Philadelphia, its largest city, which was also the first planned city. In the mid-1700s, the colony attracted many German and Scots-Irish immigrants. Most of the native peoples tribes were driven off or reduced to remnants as a result of diseases, such as smallpox.
While each of the Thirteen Colonies contributed to the American Revolution, Pennsylvania, and especially Philadelphia, was a center for the early planning and ultimate formalization of rebellion against King George III and the Kingdom of Great Britain, which was then the most powerful political and military empire in the world.
Philadelphia served as the capital of the new United States between New York City and the establishment of Washington, D.C.. During the 19th century, Pennsylvania established its northwestern, northeastern, and southwestern borders, and Pittsburgh emerged as one of the nation's largest and most prominent cities of the day. The state played an important role in the Union's victory in the American Civil War. Following the war, Pennsylvania grew into a Republican political stronghold and a major manufacturing and transportation center.
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